Women’s Suffrage in the United States: Laws, Practices and Representations (19th-21st centuries)
Université du Mans (3L.AM) / Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès (CAS)
February 3-4, 2022
American women were long excluded from the electoral process because societal constructions kept them confined within the domestic realm. Actual enfranchisement was obtained after long struggles to achieve not only equal access to voting, but above all representation. While the adoption of the 19th Amendment in 1920 prohibited all gender-based restrictions on access to suffrage, it did not mark the end of the long struggle for women’s right to vote. It was not until the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965 that African American women were able to register to vote in the Southern states, where exclusion from the electoral process had been in place since the end of the Reconstruction era. Although the political heritage and principles of equality of the Six Nations inspired first-wave activists, Native women were marginalized not only by their fellow citizens but also by local and federal institutions. Even today, some women still do not have access to suffrage because of their social and/or ethno-racial affiliation. Activists continue to denounce and fight gerrymandering as well as voting restrictions (Sunday voting, early voting, mail-in voting).